The effects of water scarcity on a small-scale farming in Tlhabine Village, Greater Tzaneen Municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa

Abstract

Water is a vital resource for food security and farming productivity, especially in rural South Africa where rainfed farming is the predominant practice. Small-scale farmers in Tlhabine Village rely largely on rainfall and natural water sources such as rivers. However, because of this reliance, they are more vulnerable to the effects of climate change and a lack of institutional assistance. This study explores the effects of water scarcity on small-scale farming in Tlhabine Village, Greater Tzaneen Municipality, located in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Small-scale farming is vital in this community, providing food, income, and employment. However, these farming activities face major challenges due to unreliable water access. The aim of the study is to explore how water scarcity affects farming in the village and to suggest ways to improve the situation. The objectives include assessing the nature of water scarcity, understanding the characteristics and conditions of small-scale farming, identifying the effect of water scarcity on small-scale farming, and suggesting coping and adaptation strategies to deal with water scarcity in small-scale farming. The study uses a qualitative approach with a case study design and interpretivist paradigm. Data was collected through interviews with 15 household farmers and 3 key informants, one each from the Tribal Authority, Department of Agriculture, and Department of Water Affairs. Thematic analysis is used to analyse the data. The findings reveal that small-scale farmers rely mostly on rainfall, rivers, and boreholes because of limited support and infrastructure. Farming is affected by water scarcity, especially during dry seasons, leading to crop failures, financial losses, and food insecurity. Although farmers apply some coping strategies, these are not enough without government support, better water infrastructure, and training. The findings provide valuable insights into how small-scale farmers in Tlhabine cope with water scarcity, what challenges they face, and what kind of support they need. The study contributes to a better understanding of local-level farming struggles and calls for action to improve rural water management and support systems for small-scale farming. The study recommends stronger collaboration between farmers and institutions to improve water access and farming resilience in Tlhabine Village.