The increase in industrialisation such as mining and smelting activities is among the main sources of heavy metal pollution in the environment. These potentially toxic elements may be adsorbed directly by sediments of water ...

Water contamination caused by toxic elements has serious human health and ecological implications. The increasing quantity of toxic elements in surface and groundwater is currently an area of greater concern, especially ...

Rivers provide the main water sources for domestic, industrial, and irrigational purposes; however, they could be polluted by receiving wastes from municipal and industrial sources as well as runoff from agricultural land. ...