Abstract:
The Nguni is indigenous multi-purpose cattle breed that plays an important role in
both commercial and communal farming systems in South Africa (SA).
Unfortunately, the breed is currently under threat of diminishing due to farmers’
preference for exotic breeds and cross breeding. In recognition of the above, the
Industrial Development Corporation, the Mpumalanga Department of Agriculture,
Rural Development, Land and Environmental Affairs and the University of Limpopo
established the Nguni cattle breed preservation project. In this project, a herd of 30
Nguni heifers and 1 bull were allocated to 34 Communal Property Associations
(CPA) and 40 private farming enterprises each. With its three distinct ecological
zones (High, Mid and Low-veld), the Mpumalanga province poses a challenge to
the Nguni preservation project since cattle have to adapt to different ecological
zones in order to grow and reproduce efficiently. Knowledge of cattle herd
productivity improves the understanding of the functional attributes and is useful in
determining the constraints and the potential of communal beef cattle production
systems. Significant differences between ecological zones were observed for age
at first calving, weaning rate, calves’ birth weight and calves’ weaning weight
(p < 0.05). Calving of heifers in the Mid-veld zone occurred earlier (24 months) on
both ownership types compared to Highveld (28.09 months for private and 26.00 for
CPA) and the Lowveld (28.35 months for both ownerships). Nguni cattle on the
Highveld performed better in terms of weaning rate under both private and CPA
ownerships, where the weaning rate were 93% and 80%, respectively. Calves birth
weight was lower in both ownership types in the Midveld zone (22.17 kg), whereas
in the CPA, the Lowveld zone had higher calves birth weights (26.80 kg). In the
private ownership, the highest calves’ birth weight (25.35 kg) was on the Highveld.
The calves weaning weight were significantly higher (p < 0.05) on Highveld in
private ownership (190.16 kg) and lowest (160.39 kg) in the Midveld zone. For the
CPA, the highest calves weaning weight was also on the Highveld (187.55) and
lowest on Midveld (167.50 kg). A full range of backup services that are offered to
the communities by stakeholders in the form of a beef package that includes veld
and pasture management, nutrition management, beef performance, animal
recording keeping, genetic evaluation and animal health management program
needs thorough attention.
