The design and implementation of cooperative spectrum sensing algorithm in cognitive networks

Abstract

A Major concern in the past years was the traditional static spectrum allocation which gave rise to spectrum underutilization and scarcity in wireless networks. In an attempt to solve this problem, cognitive radios technology was proposed and this allows a spectrum to be accessed dynamically by Cognitive radio users or secondary users (SUs). Dynamic access can efficiently be achieved by making necessary adjustment to some MAC layer functionalities such as sensing and channel allocation. MAC protocols play a central role in scheduling sensing periods and channel allocation which ensure that the interference is reduced to a tolerable level. In order to improve the accuracy of sensing algorithm, necessary adjustments should be made at MAC layer. Sensing delays and errors are major challenges in the design of a more accurate spectrum sensing algorithm or MAC protocol. Proposed in this study, is a scheme (EXGPCSA) which incorporate sensing at the MAC layer and physical layer. Energy detector was used to detect the presence of primary users (SU). A choice of how long and how often to sense the spectrum was addressed at the MAC layer. The focal point of this study was on minimizing delays in finding available channels for transmission. EXGPCSA used channel grouping technique to reduce delays. Channels were divided into two groups and arranged in descending order of their idling probabilities. Channels with higher probabilities were selected for sensing. Three network scenarios were considered wherein a group of SUs participated in sensing and sharing their spectral observations. EXGPCSA was designed such that only SUs with higher SNR were allowed to share their observations with other neighbouring SUs. This rule greatly minimized errors in sensing. The efficiency of EXGPCSA was evaluated by comparing it to another scheme called generalized predictive CSA. A statistical t-test was used to test if there is significant difference between EXGPCSA and generalized predictive CSA in terms of average throughput. A test has shown that EXGPCSA significantly performed better than generalized predictive CSA. Both schemes were simulated using MATLAB R2015a in three different network scenarios.